Publications
Peer-Reviewed Articles
2023
† indicates contributed equally to the manuscript
- Savidge, E., T. Snow, M. R. Siegfried, Y. Zheng, A. B. V. Bôas, G. A. Bortolotto, L. Boehme and K. E. Alley, 2023. Wintertime Polynya Structure and Variability at Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, from Thermal Remote Sensing and Seal-borne Observations, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 61, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2023.3271453.
- Siegfried†, M. R., R. A. Venturelli†, M. O. Patterson, W. Arnuk, T. D. Campbell, C. D. Gustafson, A. B. Michaud, B. K. Galton-Fenzi, M. B. Hausner, S. N. Holzschuh, B. Huber, K. D. Mankoff, D. M. Schroeder, P. Summers, S. Tyler, S. P. Carter, H. A. Fricker, D. M. Harwood, A. Leventer, B. E. Rosenheim, M. L. Skidmore, J. C. Priscu and the SALSA Science Team, 2023. The life and death of a subglacial lake in West Antarctica, Geology, 51(5), 434–438, doi:10.1130/G50995.1.
- Snow, T., W. Zhang, E. Schreiber, M. R. Siegfried, W. Abdalati and T. Scambos, 2023. Alongshore winds force warm Atlantic Water toward Helheim Glacier in southeast Greenland, Journal of Geophysical Research – Oceans, 128, e2023JC019953, doi:10.1029/2023JC019953.
- Davis, C., R. A. Venturelli, A. Michaud, J. Hawkings, A. Achberger, T. Vick-Majors, B. Rosenheim, J. Dore, A. Steigmeyer, M. Skidmore, J. Barker, L. Benning, M. R. Siegfried and J. Priscu, 2023. Biogeochemical and historical drivers of microbial community composition and structure in sediments from Mercer Subglacial Lake, West Antarctica, ISME Communications, 3(8), doi:10.1038/s43705-023-00216-w.
- Robel, A., S. Sim, C. Meyer, M. R. Siegfried and C. Gustafson, 2023. Contemporary Ice Sheet Thinning Drives Subglacial Groundwater Exfiltration with Potential Feedbacks on Glacier Flow, Science Advances, 9(33), doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh3693.
- Rosenheim†, B. E., A. B. Michaud†, J. Broda, A. Gagnon, R. A. Venturelli, T. Campbell, A. Leventer, M. O. Patterson, M. R. Siegfried, D. Harwood, J. Dore, M. Tranter, M. L. Skidmore, J. C. Priscu and the SALSA Science Team, 2023. A method for successful collection of multicores and gravity cores from Antarctic subglacial lakes, Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 21(5), 279–294, doi:10.1002/lom3.10545
- Venturelli, R. A., B. Boehman, C. Davis, J. R. Hawkings, S. E. Johnston, C. D. Gustafson, A. B. Michaud, C. Mosbeux, M. R. Siegfried, T. J. Vick-Majors, V. Galy, R. G. M. Spencer, S. Warny, B. C. Christner, H. A. Fricker, D. M. Harwood, A. Leventer, J. C. Priscu, B. E. Rosenheim and the SALSA Science Team, 2023. Constraints on the Timing and Extent of Deglacial Grounding Line Retreat in West Antarctica, AGU Advances, 4, e2022AV000846, doi:10.1029/2022AV000846.
2022
- Bienert, N. L., D. M. Schroeder, S. T. Peters, E. J. MacKie, E. J. Dawson, M. R. Siegfried, R. Sanda and P. Christoffersen, 2022. Post-Processing Synchronized Bistatic Radar for Long Offset Glacier Sounding, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 60, 1–17, doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3147172.
- Gustafson, C. D., K. Key, M. R. Siegfried, J. P. Winberry, H. A. Fricker, R. A. Venturelli and A. B. Michaud, 2022. A dynamic saline groundwater system mapped beneath an Antarctic ice stream, Science, 376(6593), 640–644, doi:10.1126/science.abm3301.
- Livingstone, S. J., Y. Li, A. Rutishauser, R. J. Sanderson, K. Winter, J. Mikucki, H. Björnsson, J. S. Bowling, W. Chu, C. Dow, H. A. Fricker, M. McMillan, F. Ng, N. Ross, M. J. Siegert, M. R. Siegfried and A. J. Sole, 2022. Global synthesis of subglacial lakes and their changing role in a warming climate, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 3, 106–124, doi:10.1038/s43017-021-00246-9.
2021
† indicates contributed equally to the manuscript
- Michaelides†, R. J., M. Bryant†, M. R. Siegfried and A. A. Borsa, 2021. Quantifying Permafrost Deformation with ICESat-2, Earth and Space Science, 8(8), doi:10.1029/2020EA001538.
- Siegfried, M. R. and H. A. Fricker, 2021. Illuminating active subglacial lake processes with ICESat-2 laser altimetry, Geophysical Research Letters, 48(14), doi:10.1029/2020GL091089.
- Barcheck, C. G., E. E. Brodsky, P. M. Fulton, M. A. King, M. R. Siegfried and S. Tulaczyk, 2021. Migratory earthquake precursors are dominant on an ice stream fault, Science Advances, 7(6), doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd0105.
- Becker, M., S. Howard, H. A. Fricker, L. Padman, C. Mosbeux and M. R. Siegfried, 2021. Buoyancy-driven flexure at the front of Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, observed by ICESat-2 satellite laser altimetry, Geophysical Research Letters, 48(12), doi:10.1029/2020GL091207.
- Horgan, H. J., L. van Haastrecht, R. B. Alley, S. Anandakrishnan, L. H. Beem, K. Christianson, A. Muto and M. R. Siegfried, 2021. Grounding zone subglacial properties from calibrated active-source seismic methods, The Cryosphere, 15(4), 1863–1880, doi:10.5194/tc-15-1863-2021.
- MacGregor, J., L. Boisvert, B. Medley, A. Petty, J. Harbeck, R. Bell, B. Blair, E. Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, E. Buckley, M. Christoffersen, J. Cochran, B. Csatho, E. De Marco, R. Dominguez, M. Fahnestock, S. Farrell, S. P. Gogineni, J. Greenbaum, C. Hansen, M. Hofton, J. Holt, K. Jezek, L. Koening, N. Kurtz, R. Kwok, C. Larsen, C. Leuschen, S. Manizade, S. Martin, T. Neumann, S. Nowicki, J. Paden, J. Richter-Menge, E. Rignot, F. Rodríguez-Morales, M. R. Siegfried, B. Smith, J. Sonntag, M. Studinger, K. Tinto, M. Truffer, T. Wagner, J. Woods, D. Young and J. Yungel, 2021. The scientific legacy of NASA’s Operation IceBridge, Reviews of Geophysics, 59(2), e2020RG000712, doi:10.1029/2020RG000712.
- Priscu, J. C., J. Kalin, J. Winans, T. Campbell, M. R. Siegfried, M. Skidmore, J. E. Dore, A. Leventer, D. Harwood, D. Duling, R. Zook, J. Burnett, D. Gib- son, E. Krula, A. Mironov, J. McManis, G. Roberts, B. E. Rosenheim, B. C. Christner, K. Kasic, H. A. Fricker, W. B. Lyons, J. Barker, M. Bowling, B. Collins, C. Davis, A. Gagnon, C. Gardner, C. Gustafson, O.-S. Kim, W. Li, A. B. Michaud, M. Patterson, M. Tranter, R. Venturelli, T. Vick-Majors and C. Elsworth, 2021. Scientific Access into Mercer Subglacial Lake: Scientific Objectives, Drilling Operations and Initial Observations, Annals of Glaciology, 62(85– 86), 340–352, doi:10.1017/aog.2021.10.
- Stubblefield, A. G., T. T. Creyts, J. Kingslake, M. R. Siegfried and M. Spiegelman, 2021. Surface expression and apparent timing of subglacial lake oscillations con- trolled by viscous ice flow, Geophysical Research Letters, 48(17), doi:10.1029/2021GL094658.
2020
- Adusumilli, S., H. A. Fricker, B. Medley, L. Padman and M. R. Siegfried, 2020. Interannual variations in meltwater input to the Southern Ocean from Antarctic ice shelves, Nature Geoscience, 13(9), 616–620, doi:10.1038/s41561-020-0616-z.
- Begeman, C., S. Tulaczyk, L. Padman, M. King, M. R. Siegfried, T. Hodson and H. A. Fricker, 2020. Tidal pressurization of the ocean cavity near an Antarctic ice shelf grounding line, Journal of Geophysical Research – Oceans, 125(4), doi: 10.1029/2019JC015562.
- Das, I., L. Padman, R. E. Bell, H. A. Fricker, K. J. Tinto, C. L. Hulbe, C. S. Siddoway, T. Dhakal, N. P. Frearson, C. Mosbeux, S. I. Cordero and M. R. Siegfried, 2020. Multidecadal Basal Melt Rates and Structure of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Using Airborne Ice Penetrating Radar, Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface, 125(3), doi:10.1029/2019JF005241.
- Elsworth, C., D. M. Schroeder and M. R. Siegfried, 2020. Interpreting englacial layer deformation in the presence of complex ice flow history with synthetic radargrams, Annals of Glaciology, 61(81), 206–213, doi:10.1017/aog.2019.41.
- Hawkings, J. R., M. L. Skidmore, J. L. Wadham, J. C. Priscu, P. L. Morton, J. E. Hatton, C. B. Gardner, T. J. Kohler, M. Stibal, E. A. Bagshaw, A. Steigmeyer, J. Barker, J. E. Dore, W. B. Lyons, M. Tranter, R. G. M. Spencer and the SALSA Science Team (incl. M. R. Siegfried), 2020. Enhanced trace element mobilization by Earth’s ice sheets, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(50), 31648–31659, doi:10.1073/pnas.2014378117.
- Jordan, T., D. Schroeder, C. Elsworth and M. R. Siegfried, 2020. Estimation of ice fabric within Whillans Ice Stream using polarimetric phase-sensitive radar sounding, Annals of Glaciology, 61(81), 74–83, doi:10.1017/aog.2020.6.
- MacKie, E. J., D. M. Schroeder, J. Caers, M. R. Siegfried and C. Schheidt, 2020. Antarctic topographic realizations and geostatistical modeling used to map subglacial lakes, Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface, 125(3), doi: 10.1029/2019JF005420.
- Smith, B., H. A. Fricker, A. S. Gardner, B. Medley, J. Nilsson, F. S. Paolo, N. Holschuh, S. Adusumilli, K. Brunt, B. Castho, K. Harbeck, T. Markus, T. Neumann, M. R. Siegfried and H. J. Zwally, 2020. Pervasive ice sheet mass loss reflects competing ocean and atmosphere processes, Science, 368(6496), 1239–1242, doi:10.1126/science.aaz5845.
- Venturelli, R. A., M. R. Siegfried, K. Roush, W. Li, J. Burnett, R. Zook, H. A. Fricker, J. Priscu, A. Leventer and B. Rosenheim, 2020. Mid-Holocene grounding line variability in the southern Ross Embayment, Geophysical Research Letters, 47(15), e2020GL088476, doi:10.1029/2020GL088476.
2019
- Schroeder, D. M., J. A. Dowdeswell, M. J. Siegert, R. G. Bingham, W. Chu, E. J. MacKie, M. R. Siegfried, K. I. Vega, J. R. Emmons and K. Winstein, 2019. Multidecadal observations of the Antarctic ice sheet from restored analog radar records, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(38), 18867–18873, doi:10.1073/pnas.1821646116.
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Smith, B. E., N. Holschuh, A. S. Gardner, S. Adusumili, K. M. Brunt, B. Csatho, H. A. Fricker, K. Harbeck, A. Huth, T. Neumann, J. Nilsson and M. R. Siegfried, 2019. Land ice height-retrieval algorithm for NASA’s ICESat-2 photon-counting laser altimeter, Remote Sensing of Environment, 233, 111352, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111352.
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Tinto, K., L. Padman, C. Siddoway, S. Springer, H. A. Fricker, I. Das, F. C. Tontini, D. Porter, N. Frearson, S. Howard, M. R. Siegfried and et al., 2019. Ross Ice Shelf response to climate driven by the tectonic imprint on seafloor bathymetry, Nature Geoscience, 12, 441–449, doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0370-2.
2018
- Siegfried, M. R. and H. A. Fricker, 2018. Thirteen years of subglacial lake activity in Antarctica from multi-mission altimetry, Annals of Glaciology, 59(76), 42–55, doi:10.1017/aog.2017.36.
- Adusumilli, S., H. A. Fricker, M. R. Siegfried, L. Padman, F. Paolo and S. Ligten- berg, 2018. Variable basal melt rates of Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves, 1994–2016, Geophysical Research Letters, 45(9), 4086–4095, doi:10.1002/2017GL076652.
- Begeman, C. M., S. M. Tulaczyk, O. J. Marsh, J. A. Mikucki, T. P. Stanton, T. O. Hodson, M. R. Siegfried, R. D. Powell, K. Christianson and M. A. King, 2018. Ocean stratification and low melt rates at the Ross Ice Shelf ground- ing zone, Journal of Geophysical Research – Oceans, 123(10), 7438–7452, doi:10.1029/2018JC013987.
- Chu, W., D. M. Schroeder and M. R. Siegfried, 2018. Retrieval of Englacial Firn Aquifer Thickness from Ice-Penetrating Radar Sounding in Southeast Greenland, Geophysical Research Letters, 45(21), 11,770–11,778, doi:10.1029/2018GL079751.
- Padman, L., M. R. Siegfried and H. A. Fricker, 2018. Ocean tide influences on ice sheet processes, Reviews of Geophysics, 56(1), 142–184, doi:10.1002/2016RG000546.
- Paolo, F. S., L. Padman, H. A. Fricker, S. Adusumilli, S. Howard and M. R. Siegfried, 2018. Response of Pacific-sector Antarctic ice shelves to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, Nature Geoscience, 11, 121–126, doi:10.1038/s41561-017-0033-0.
2017
- Siegfried, M. R., B. Medley, K. Larson, H. A. Fricker and S. Tulaczyk, 2017. Snow accumulation variability on a West Antarctic ice stream observed with GPS reflectometry, 2007–2017, Geophysical Research Letters, 44(15), 7808–7816, doi:10.1002/2017GL074039.
- Carter, S. P., H. A. Fricker and M. R. Siegfried, 2017. Antarctic subglacial lakes drain through sediment-floored canals: Theory and model testing on real and ide- alized domains, The Cryosphere, 11, 381–405, doi:10.5194/tc-11-381-2017.
- Damsgaard, A., J. Suckale, J. Piotrowski, M. Houssais, M. R. Siegfried and H. A. Fricker, 2017. Sediment behavior controls equilibrium width of subglacial channels, Journal of Glaciology, 63(242), 1034–1048, doi:10.1017/jog.2017.71.
- Kerry, K. and M. R. Siegfried, 2017. The feasibility of ground-based electro- magnetic methods for mapping the subglacial hydrological structure beneath ice streams, Journal of Glaciology, 63(241), 755–771, doi:10.1017/jog.2017.36.
- Scambos, T. A., R. E. Bell, A. M. Smith, D. G. Vaughan, R. B. Alley, S. Anandakr- ishnan, D. H. Bromwich, K. M. Brunt, K. Christianson, T. T. Creyts, S. B. Das, R. DeConto, P. Dutrieux, H. A. Fricker, D. Holland, J. MacGregor, B. Medley, D. Pollard, M. R. Siegfried, E. J. Steig and P. Yager, 2017. How Much, How Fast? A Review and Science Plan for Research on the Instability of Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier in the 21st Century, Global and Planetary Change, 153, 16–34, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.04.008.
2016
- Siegfried, M. R., H. A. Fricker, S. P. Carter and S. Tulaczyk, 2016. Episodic ice velocity fluctuations triggered by a subglacial flood in West Antarctica, Geophysical Research Letters, 43(6), 2640–2648, doi:10.1002/2016GL067758.
- Achberger, A. M., B. C. Christner, A. B. Michaud, J. C. Priscu, M. L. Skidmore, T. J. Vick-Majors and the WISSARD Science Team (incl. M. R. Siegfried), 2016. Microbial Community Structure of Subglacial Lake Whillans, West Antarctica, Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1457, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01457.
- Alley, K. E., T. A. Scambos, M. R. Siegfried and H. A. Fricker, 2016. Impacts of warm water on Antarctic ice shelf stability through basal channel formation, Nature Geoscience, 9(4), 290–293, doi:10.1038/ngeo2675.
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Damsgaard, A., D. L. Eghold, L. H. Beem, S. Tulaczyk, N. K. Larsen, J. A. Piotrowski and M. R. Siegfried, 2016. Ice flow dynamics forced by rapid water-pressure variations in subglacial granular beds, Geophysical Research Letters, 43(23), 165– 173, doi:10.1002/2016GL071579.
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Hodson, T., R. Powell, S. Brachfeld, S. Tulaczyk, R. Scherer and the WISSARD Science Team (incl. M. R. Siegfried), 2016. Physical processes in Subglacial Lake Whillans, West Antarctica: inferences from sediment cores, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 444, 56–63, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.03.036.
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Marsh, O. J., H. A. Fricker, M. R. Siegfried, K. Christianson, K. W. Nicholls, H. F. J. Corr and G. Catania, 2016. High basal melting forming a channel at the grounding line of Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Geophysical Research Letters, 43(1), 250–255, doi:10.1002/2015gl066612.
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Vick-Majors, T. J., A. C. Mitchell, A. M. Achberger, B. C. Christner, J. E. Dore, A. B. Michaud, J. A. Mikucki, A. M. Purcell, M. L. Skidmore, J. C. Priscu and the WISSARD Science Team (incl. M. R. Siegfried), 2016. Physiological ecology of microorganisms in Subglacial Lake Whillans, Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1705, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01705.
2015
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Fisher, A. T., K. D. Mankoff, S. M. Tulaczyk, S. W. Tyler, N. Foley and the WISSARD Science Team (incl. M. R. Siegfried), 2015. High geothermal heat flux measured below the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Science Advances, 1(6), e1500093– e1500093, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500093.
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Fricker, H. A., M. R. Siegfried, S. P. Carter and T. A. Scambos, 2015. A decade of progress in observing and modeling Antarctic subglacial water systems, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 374(2059), 20140294, doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0294.
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Mikucki, J., P. Lee, D. Ghosh, A. Purcell, A. Mitchell, K. Mankoff, A. T. Fisher, S. Tulaczyk, S. P. Carter, M. R. Siegfried, H. A. Fricker, T. Hodson, J. Co- enen, R. Powell, R. P. Scherer, T. Vick-Majors, A. M. Achberger, B. C. Christner and M. Tranter, 2015. Subglacial Lake Whillans biogeochemistry: a synthesis of current knowledge, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 374(2059), 20140290, doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0290.
2014
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Siegfried, M. R., H. A. Fricker, M. Roberts, T. A. Scambos and S. Tulaczyk, 2014. A decade of West Antarctic subglacial lake interactions from combined ICESat and CryoSat-2 altimetry, Geophysical Research Letters, 41(3), 891–898, doi:10.1002/2013GL058616.
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Christner, B. C., J. C. Priscu, A. M. Achberger, C. Barbante, S. P. Carter, K. Christianson, A. B. Michaud, J. A. Mikucki, A. C. Mitchell, M. L. Skidmore, T. J. Vick-Majors and the WISSARD Science Team (incl. M. R. Siegfried), 2014. A microbial ecosystem beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet, Nature, 512(7514), 310–313, doi:10.1038/nature13667.
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Holt, T. O., N. F. Glasser, H. A. Fricker, L. Padman, A. Luckman, O. King, D. J. Quincey and M. R. Siegfried, 2014. The structural and dynamic responses of Stange Ice Shelf to recent environmental change, Antarctic Science, 26(06), 646– 660, doi:10.1017/S095410201400039X.
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Purcell, A. M., J. A. Mikucki, A. M. Achberger, I. A. Alekhina, C. Barbante, B. C. Christner, D. Ghosh, A. B. Michaud, A. C. Mitchell, J. C. Priscu, R. Scherer, M. L. Skidmore, T. J. Vick-Majors and the WISSARD Science Team (incl. M. R. Siegfried), 2014. Microbial sulfur transformations in sediments from Subglacial Lake Whillans, Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 594, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00594.
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Tulaczyk, S., J. A. Mikucki, M. R. Siegfried, J. C. Priscu, C. G. Barcheck, L. H. Beem, A. Behar, J. Burnett, B. C. Christner, A. T. Fisher, F. H. A., K. D. Mankoff, R. D. Powell, F. Rack, D. Sampson, R. P. Scherer, S. Y. Schwartz and the WISSARD Science Team, 2014. WISSARD at Subglacial Lake Whillans, West Antarctica: scientific operations and initial observations, Annals of Glaciology, 55(65), 51–58, doi:10.3189/2014AoG65A009.
2013
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Carter, S. P., H. A. Fricker and M. R. Siegfried, 2013. Evidence of rapid subglacial water piracy under Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica, Journal of Glaciology, 59(218), 1147–1162, doi:10.3189/2013JoG13J085.
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Holt, T. O., N. F. Glasser, D. J. Quincey and M. R. Siegfried, 2013. Speedup and fracturing of George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, The Cryosphere, 7(3), 797–816, doi:10.5194/tc-7-797-2013.
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Horgan, H. J., R. B. Alley, K. Christianson, R. W. Jacobel, S. Anandakrishnan, A. Muto, L. H. Beem and M. R. Siegfried, 2013. Estuaries beneath ice sheets, Geology, 41(11), 1159–1162, doi:10.1130/G34654.1.
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Priscu, J. C., A. M. Achberger, J. E. Cahoon, B. C. Christner, R. L. Edwards, W. L. Jones, A. B. Michaud, M. R. Siegfried, M. L. Skidmore, R. H. Spigel and others, 2013. A microbiologically clean strategy for access to the Whillans Ice Stream subglacial environment, Antarctic Science, 25(05), 637–647, doi:10.1017/S0954102013000035.
2012
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Taylor, V. F., B. P. Jackson, M. R. Siegfried, J. Navratilova, K. A. Francesconi, J. Kirshtein and M. Voytek, 2012. Arsenic speciation in food chains from mid-Atlantic hydrothermal vents, Environmental Chemistry, 9(2), 130–138, doi:10.1071/EN11134.
2011
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Siegfried, M. R., R. L. Hawley and J. F. Burkhart, 2011. High-Resolution Ground- Based GPS Measurements Show Intercampaign Bias in ICESat Elevation Data Near Summit, Greenland, IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, 49(10), 3393–3400, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2011.2127483.
Datasets
2019
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Smith, B., H. A. Fricker, A. Gardner, M. R. Siegfried, S. Adusumilli, B. M. Csathó, N. Holschuh, J. Nilsson, F. S. Paolo, and the ICESat-2 Science Team, 2019. ATLAS/ICESat-2 L3A Land Ice Height, Version 1. Boulder, Colorado, USA, NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center, doi:10.5067/ATLAS/ATL06.001.
Popular Press
2018
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Padman, L., and M. R. Siegfried, 2018. Ocean Tides Affect Ice Loss from Large Polar Ice Sheets, EOS: Earth & Space Science News, 99, doi:10.1029/2018EO092835.
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Fricker, H. A., F. Paolo, M. R. Siegfried, and S. Adusumilli, 2018. Short-term changes in Antarctica’s ice shelves are key to predicting their long-term fate, The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/short-term-changes-in-antarcticas-ice- shelves-are-key-to-predicting-their-long-term-fate-95207.